OSPF Protocol

Marks:- 10+

Name of student: Subhendu Pal

Faculty Name: Priya Sawant 

Roll No: 1503

Date: 31-01-2018

Session Name: OSPF (Open shortest path first )

OSPF (Open shortest path first ):-

OSPF provides a fast convergence with triggered, incremental updates via link-state advertisements (LSAs). OSPF is a classless protocol and allows a hierarchical design with VLSM and route summarization.

The features of OSPF are as follows:-

1. It was developed by IETF
2. Open standard protocol, not Cisco proprietary
3. It is the successor of RIP
4. Uses SPF algorithm developed by Edgar Dijkstra
5. Link state routing protocol
6. Autonomous systems are divided into multiple areas for easy and efficient routing
7. Classless routing protocol
8. Works with Link state Advertisements
9. Updates are through Multicast (224.0.0.5)
10. Hello packets are sent every 10 secs
11. Hierarchical design with Multiple areas
12. Area 0 is called the backbone area

Functioning of OSPF:-

Unlike RIP, which broadcasts out its entire routing table every 30 seconds regardless of whether other routers want to hear it, OSPF takes a more refined approach.

1. First OSPF sends out hello messages to neighboring routers to announce itself as an OSPF router and discovers who its neighbor routers are. Routers have to agree on certain parameters such as timers and being on a common subnet before they can become neighbors

2. After OSPF neighbor routers are discovered, the router determines whether it should exchange routes with those neighbours. If they decided to do so then they become adjacent.

3. If they are adjacent , they begin to exchange routing information using LSAs. After exchanging all routes, the routers send out updates only when there is a change, and they send information only for that affected link, not the entire routing table.

4. Routers take the LSAs heard from adjacent routers and place those routes in its link-state database. (This is similar to topology database in EIGRP)

• To determine the best path, OSPF uses a metric called cost, which Cisco defines as 108/bandwidth. If you have a 100Mbps link, the cost would be 1. Some other costs are:

10 Mbps - 10

1.544 Mbps - 64

64 kbps - 1562

OSPF Interface Cost Table:-

Questions:-

1. Explain OSPF
2. Functions of OSPF

RIP v2 Configuration

Marks:- 10+5

Name of student: Subhendu Pal

Faculty Name: Priya Sawant 

Roll No: 1503

Date: 30-01-2018

Session Name: RIP v2 Configuration

Router 1 Configuration:-

Router>en
Router#conf t
Router(config)#int s2/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 200.100.10.2 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial2/0, changed state to down
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#int f0/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#version 2
Router(config-router)#network 200.100.10.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0
Router(config-router)#no auto-summary


Router 2 Configuration:-

Router>en
Router#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#int s2/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 200.100.10.1 255.255.255.252

Router(config-if)#no shut
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial2/0, changed state to up

Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#int s3/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 200.100.10.5 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial3/0, changed state to down
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#version 2
Router(config-router)#network 200.100.10.0

Router(config-router)#network 200.100.10.4
Router(config-router)#no auto summary
Router 3 Configuration:-

Router>en
Router#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#int s3/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 200.100.10.6 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial3/0, changed state to down
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#int f0/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#version 2
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0
Router(config-router)#network 200.100.10.4
Router(config-router)#no auto summary

Set the all PC:-

IP Address, Subnet marks, Gateway

Dynamic Router

Marks:- 10+

Name of student: Subhendu Pal

Faculty Name: Priya Sawant 

Roll No: 1503

Date: 29-01-2018

Session Name: Dynamic Router

Dynamic Router:-

Dynamic routing is Network Configer automatically .it is Router on depends the administrator, also called adaptive routing,is a process where a router can forward data via a different route or given destination based on the current conditions of the communication circuits within a system.The term is most commonly associated with data networking to describe the capability of a network to 'route around' damage, such as loss of a node or a connection between nodes, so long as other path choices are available. Dynamic routing allows as many routes as possible to remain valid in response to the change.

Systems that do not implement dynamic routing are described as using static router, where routes through a network are described by fixed paths. A change, such as the loss of a node, or loss of a connection between nodes, is not compensated for. This means that anything that wishes to take an affected path will either have to wait for the failure to be repaired before restarting its journey, or will have to fail to reach its destination and give up the journey.

There are three basic types of routing protocols

Distance-vector Routing Protocol:-Distance-vector Routing Protocolsuse simple algorithms that calculate a cumulative distance value between routers based on hop count.

Example: routing information protocol version 2 (rip V2) and interose gateway Routing protocol 

Link-state Routing Protocols: Link-state Routing Protocol use sophisticated algorithms that maintain a complex database of internetwork topology.

Example: Open shortest past first (ospf) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)

Hybrid Routing Protocols:  Hybeid Routing Protocol use a combination of distance-vector and link-state methods that tries to incorporate the advantages of both and minimize their disadvantages

Example: Enhanced interose gateway Routing protocol (eigrp), routing information protocol version 2 (rip V2)

Configer the dynamic router:-

Questions:-

• What is Dynamic Routing
• What are the Operations of Dynamic Routing Protocols
• Examplin of dynamic protocol all

Static Routing

Marks:- 10+5

Name of student: Subhendu Pal

Faculty Name: Priya Sawant 

Roll No: 1503

Date: 23-01-2018

Session Name: Basic Router

Static routing:-

 Syatic Routing is a form of routing that occurs when a router uses a manually-configured routing entry, rather than information from a dynamic routing traffic.In many cases, static routes are manually configured by a network administrator by adding in entries into a  routing table, though this may not always be the case.static routing are usually used on a router to maximise routing efficiency and to provide backups in the event that dynamic routing information fails to be exchanged. Static routing can also be used in stub networks, or to provide a gateway of last.

Static Routing use forme small organization only (5 to 7) Router canect. This routing data connection half duplex. is show the dynamic router.


Configuring Static Router:-

• What is Static routing?
• Configuring Static Router?

Routing Fundamentals

Marks:- 10+1

Name of student: Subhendu Pal

Faculty Name: Priya Sawant 

Roll No: 1503

Date: 22-01-2018

Session Name: Basic Router

Routing Fundamentals

Routing:- Routing is a process by which a packet gets transferred from 1Network to outher Network.

Destination IP Address
Out interface (egress)

Next Hop Concept 

A router cannot transfer packets to the destination network as it should unless the network is directly connected to the router. This means that a router sends the packet to the next router on the best path to the destination. the next router is called the next hop.

Routing Ways:-

There are 4 ways to control routing decisions and enable the router to select the next hop:-

i) Connected Network:- 

When you want to route packets between two networks, a router is used.In this case, both of the networks are directly connected to router's interface.

ii) Static routes:-

 In Static routing, the routes are configured manually to the router. The Administrator must configure all possible routes to each and every router to ensure full connectivity.

iii) Default route:- 

In computer networking, the default route is a setting on a computer that defines the packet forwarding rule to use when no specific route can be determined for a given Internet Protocol (IP) destination address. All packets for destinations not established in the routing table are sent via the default route.

iv) Dynamic route:-

 Dynamic routing is a networking technique that provides optimal data routing. Unlike static routing, dynamic routing enables routers to select paths according to real-time logical network layout changes. ... The most popular are routing information Protocol (RIP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF).

Questions:-
Different between Static Router & Dynamic Router
Explain Routing Concept
What are the 4 Routing Ways

Chapter 5 -Working Whit Cisco Device

Marks:- 10+5+2

Name of student: Subhendu Pal

Faculty Name: Priya Sawant 

Roll No: 1503

Date: 18-1-2018

Session Name: Working Whit Cisco Device

Introduction to Cisco IOS :-

IOS (Internetwork Operating System) is the software used on Cisco routers and Switchea.

Types of Routers:-

There are 3 types of Routers:

1. Branch Routers

• Routers used by small organizations.
• Used for end user connectivity.
•  Router Series :800, 1800, 1900, 2900 etc. series Integrated Services Routers (ISR).

 2. Internet Edge Routers 

• Routers which are used by the ISPs.
• Used for policy based routing and access control.
• Router Series : 1000, 7200 etc. Series Aggregation Services Router (ASR).

 3. Service Provider Routers 

• Routers which are used by the Global ISPs.
• Used for fastest switching across internet.
• Router Series : 900, 1000, 7200 etc. Series Aggregation Services Router (ASR).

Internet and external Connections of Router

There are internal and external Connections to a router.The external ports of a router are as follows:

Console Port

It is known as Local Administrative port. It is used for initial configuration and password recovery.

Auxiliary Port 

It is known as Remote Administrative  Port and used for remote administration.

Ethernet Port 

It is used to connect computer, a local network and an external DSL or a cable moDem. There are three forms of Ethernet. They are:

• 10Base T: It is known as Ethernet.
• 100Base T: It is Fast Ethernet.
• 1000Base T: It is Gigabit Ethernet port.

Serial Port

It is known as WAN port 

• Serial interface has DB60 connector (60 pins) in fixed routers.
• Smart Serial interface has DB60 connector in modular routers.
• It is used for connecting Remote Locations using V.35 cable, which ha 60 pins (male connector) at one end and 18 pins (male connector) at the other end. 
• WAN encapsulations supported for a serial port are HDLC, PPP and Frame Relay.

Types of Memory on a Cisco Router.
RAM – Stands for Random Access Memory. It is a semiconductor-based memory, where the CPU or the other hardware devices can read and write data. It temporality stores the data and it is a volatile memory. Once the system turns off, it loses the data As a result. RAM is used as a temporary data storage area.

ROM – Stands for Read Only Memory.ROM is memory on a chip or multiple chips. It stores the data permanently and it is a non-volatile memory. H does not lose the data even after the system turns oft As a result ROM is a permanent data storage area the different types of ROM are.

Flash memory- Is the high-density device. It is a non-volatile memory. It is fast in reading and writing data. This is because it writes data in chunks or blocks. Flash memory is an electrically re-programmable device. 

NVRAM- Is a memory that saves its stored data regardless if the power is on or off. Today, a good example of NVRAM is a flash memory like that used in a Jump drive. NVRAM is also in your computer monitor, printers, cars, smart cards, and other devices that require remembered settings.

Questions:-

1. Explain what is router
2. What are the types of Routers
3. Explain of Router port
4. What are the different types of Memory

Advanced Switching Concepts Module 2 (IP Addressing)

Marks:- 10+5+2

Name of student: Subhendu Pal

Faculty Name: Priya Sawant 

Roll No: 1503

Date: 17-1-2018

Session Name:- IP Addressing

IP Addressing :-

IP Address is diffent the network.

In order to communicate over the internet, computers and devices must have an IP address(sender & receiver) consider a situation where you are required to locate or communicate to a friend. Typical approach will be to look for the friend's address(it could be a postal address, email id or phone no.) Similarly, in the networking world, two important addresses.

IPV4 Addressing:- A 32 bit IP address often depicted as dot address. And it is grouped 8 bits at a time. If you look your PC's IP address you can see 4 parts of numbers separated by dots, something like 124.187.1.3 and those each number separated by the dots is of 8 bits. Each group of 8 bits is called an octet.

This IPV4 class is 5 & small the IPV6.

Classification of IP address

• Class A :-  class range 0-127 .addresses are assigned to networks with a very large number of hosts.
• Class B :-  class range 128-191. addresses are assigned to medium-sized to large-sized networks.
• Class C  :-  class range 192- 223 addresses are used for small networks.
• Class D :-  class range 224-239. addresses are reserved for IP multicast addresses.
• Class E :-  class range 240-254 is an experimental address that is reserved for future use.

Questions:-

1. What is IP addressing
2. Difference between IPV4 & IPV6
3. Explain classes of IP addresses
4. What is subnat marks

Etherchannel

Marks:- 10+5+2

Name of student: Subhendu Pal

Faculty Name: Priya Sawant 

Roll No: 1503

Date: 16-1-2018

Session Name: Configuring and Verifying Ether Channels.

Etherchannel Terms :-

Portchannel:-

When multiple links are grouped into one single logical Port, it is know as a Port channel.

Channel Group:-

To configure and assign a physical interface to etherchannel, channel Group command are used

Confirmation and Verifying Ether Channels

• Two types of LACP :-

1.  Active Mode:- it initates the negotiation and tries to form a channel Group' etherchannel' with the other end

2. Passive Mode:- it does not start link aggregation or packet negotiation.

• Two types of PAgP channel modes:-

1. Desirable

2. Auto

Configuring Etherchannel

Questions:-

What is Desirable & Auto

What is Etherchannel.

STP Port & VTP Modes

Marks:- 10+5+2

Name of student: Subhendu Pal

Faculty Name: Priya Sawant 

Roll No: 1503

Date: 12-1-2018

Session Name: STP Port States, VTP Modes, Configuring & Verifying PVST.

  STP Port States:--

Blocking: The Port listens to the BPDU MassagePorts in the blocking state do not forward or receive any frame. The frames will be discarded on arriving at that port and this port will not learn any MAC address.

Listening: The port in the listening state can send and receive the BPDU frames. However, listening ports do not forward any incoming frames. They also do not learn any MAC address.

Learning: The port in the learning state already identifies its state in the STP domain.It will be learning the MAC address from the frames arriving at the port in order to populate the MAC address table.

Forwarding: The port in the forwarding state will forward all Ethernet traffic as per the switch operation. Also, the port will process all incoming frames and will actively learn MAC address from the arriving traffic

VTP MODES:--

The different types of VTP MODES are as shown

Server Mode:- VTP server mode is the default mode for all catalyst switches. Here, you can create, modify and delete VLANs for the entire VTP domain.

Client Mode:- Receives information from the VTP servers, It sends and receives updates, VLAN information is received from the VTP servers. 

Transparent:- Switches do not participate in the VTP domain, switches can add and create VLANs, Switches do not advertise hence do not accept VLAN based on advertisements, but forwards VTP advertisements received by trunk ports.

Configuring and Verifying PVST:--

To configure S10 as the ROOT bridge for VLAN 2 & SW2 as the root bridge for VLAN 2 we can use either one of the two commands.

Questions:-

1. What are the STP port states
2. What are the VTP modes
3. What is use the client VTP

Leyar 3 Switch

Marks:- 10+10+3

Name of student: Subhendu Pal

Faculty Name: Priya Sawant 

Roll No: 1503

Date: 11-1-2018

Session Name: Layer-3 Switching/ STP/ STP Port States

Layer 3 Switch:-A network switch is a multiport network bridge that uses hardware addresses to process and forward data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Some switches can also process data at the network layer (layer 3) by additionally incorporating routing functionality. Such switches are commonly known as layer-3 switches or multilayer switches.

STP:-Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a network protocol designed to prevent layer 2 loops. It is standardized as IEEE 802.D protocol. STP blocks some ports on switches with redundant links to prevent broadcast storms and ensure loop-free topology. With STP in place, you can have redundant links between switches to provide redundancy

Switching loops create 3 :-

Broadcast storms:- A broadcast storm occurs when a switch is overwhelmed by continuous broadcast traffic.

MAC table Instability:- Instability of the MAC table causes a single MAC address to reach multiple ports, wherein, the switch is constantly updating the MAC unstable.

Duplicate Frames:- If multiple paths have the same destination MAC address, there is a greater possibility that the frame could be duplicated and sent to multiple paths which create a switch loop

Example:-

 SW2 sends a broadcast frame to SW1 and SW3. Both switches receive the frame and forward the frame out every port, except the port the frame was received at. So, SW1 sends the frame to SW3. SW3 receives the frame, and sends the frame back to SW2! SW2 then agains forwards the frames to SW1! The same thing also happens in the opposite direction. Without STP in place, these frames would loop forever. STP prevents loops by placing one of the switch ports into blocking state. So, our toplogy above could look like this:

 In the topology above, STP has placed one of the SW3 ports into blocking state. That way, SW3 will receive a broadcast frame only from SW1, and it will not forward that frame out ports connected to SW1 and SW2, because one port is blocked by STP, and another port was the port the frame was received on.

Questions:-

• Explain Layer3 switching
• What is Spanning Tree Protocol
• Type of STP port states